Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Главная страница / Peer Review Articles on Parent Teaching About Immunization

Peer Review Articles on Parent Teaching About Immunization

Отправить комментарий
  • Enquiry article
  • Open up Access
  • Published:

Does an educational intervention improve parents' cognition about immunization? Experience from Malaysia

  • Mohamed Azmi Hassalitwo,
  • Omer Qutaiba Al-lelaiii,
  • Siti Halimah Bux1,
  • Ramadan M Elkalmii &
  • Hazrina Hadi4

BMC Pediatrics book 14, Article number:254 (2014) Cite this article

  • 8367 Accesses

  • 17 Citations

  • i Altmetric

  • Metrics details

Abstract

Background

Parents' knowledge about immunization is an important predictor factor for their children'due south immunization status. The aims of this study were to assess parents' knowledge and to evaluate the effect of a short educational intervention on improving parents' knowledge of childhood immunization.

Methods

A cross-sectional study using a pre- and mail service-test intervention survey of a single grouping was conducted among Malaysian parents. Changes in total knowledge score before and after the intervention were measured using a validated questionnaire. The intervention consisted of an animated pic and lecture using simple understandable language. Wilcoxon signed ranks examination and the McNemar x2 test were applied to compare the differences in noesis before and after the intervention.

Results

Seventy-three parents were enrolled in this study; the majority were mothers (n = 64, 87.7%). Parents' knowledge about childhood immunization increased significantly subsequently the intervention compared to the baseline results (p < 0.001). There were significant differences between parents' knowledge and their educational level and monthly income (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005), respectively.

Conclusions

A curt educational intervention designed for parents had a positive consequence on their noesis nearly immunization. Educational interventions targeting parents with low levels of instruction and income are needed. Further studies investigating the actual effectiveness of such interventions on immunization rates and statuses are required.

Peer Review reports

Background

In recent years, vaccine hesitancy has been the subject of growing attention as an emerging term in the literature [ane, 2]. Vaccine-hesitant individuals have been defined every bit "a heterogeneous group in the centre of a continuum ranging from total acceptors to consummate refusers" [3]. The three key determinants of vaccine hesitancy are: contextual influences, individual and group influences (including cognition and sensation), and vaccine and vaccination-specific issues [3, 4]. The global substantial reduction in the prevalence of vaccine preventable diseases makes parents accept little or no feel with such diseases, and equally a result, the benefits of vaccination and the risks of not vaccinating are not appreciated as much every bit they were in 20th century.

The success of childhood vaccination has made seeing a child with measles or polio very rare. Nevertheless, at that place are constantly reports in the media and net most adverse vaccine reactions and concerns nigh the safety of vaccines. Parents' decisions tin can exist negatively influenced by the huge amount of conflicting vaccine-safety information and misinformation on the internet [v, 6].

Factors related to immunization services and parental knowledge and attitudes were the main reasons for incomplete or no vaccinations. In a review of 126 documents of the greyness literature to identify reasons why eligible children had incomplete or no vaccinations, lack of parental knowledge was the most cited factor in 58 of the documents [vii]. Many studies take constitute that parents' lack of noesis about vaccines is a problem that leads to depression vaccination coverage [8–13]. It has been plant that children of mothers who have knowledge about immunization and its importance had much greater immunization rates compared to children whose mothers did not accept immunization knowledge [fourteen]. Caregivers who vaccinated their children on time had higher vaccine related noesis than those who delayed [xv]. Parents' knowledge nigh vaccine schedules is a predictor cistron for children'south immunization status [16, 17]. The negative attitudes amongst parents are mainly due to a lack of noesis about the importance and safety of vaccines [8].

According to the Department of Public Wellness, Malaysia has high immunization coverage ≥95 [18]. The continued success of the Expanded Plan of Immunization (EPI) in Malaysia relies on high immunization coverage, which in turn requires parental agreement of the importance of vaccination and the willingness to vaccinate children. Parents' lack of cognition about the timing of the immunization schedule was a meaning predictor of incomplete immunization in Malaysia [19].

Recently, there has been a paradigm shift from efforts to increase not just immunization coverage only as well to better immunization timeliness. Around the world, more than attention and understanding by wellness care professionals about the health and well-beingness of young children is dependent on parents (particularly mothers) who understand the importance of immunization and follow the recommended immunization schedule [20–22]. Taking into account the importance of both parents and health care workers in decision making, educational strategies to increase their knowledge in the area of vaccine rubber systems might change beliefs and improve trust in the system [23]. Attention should be given to mothers with incorrect knowledge and poor perception of immunization; moreover, it is important to consider that in the immunization programmes [24].

Educating mothers whose children are at risk of not completing the immunization schedule is an important strategy to amend immunization coverage [25]. An educational program near the importance of immunization is needed, especially for parents with a lower educational level, in club to ameliorate the immunization rate [26–29]. To our knowledge, no study in Malaysia has assessed the impact of educational programming for improving Malaysian parents' knowledge of their children's immunization.

Study objectives

The objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge of Malaysian parents well-nigh babyhood immunization and to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational seminar for improving parents' noesis almost childhood immunization, and to compare parents' cognition scores beyond select demographic characteristics.

Methods

Written report site and research pattern

This written report was conducted in Kuantan, the land capital of Pahang, the largest land in Peninsular Malaysia, with an surface area of 2,960 km2 and population of 450,211 (2010 demography). Parents who were attending the Wellness Clinic Indera Mahkota, which provides maternal and child health services to Malaysian citizens, were invited to participate in an educational seminar on immunization. This report utilised a 1 grouping pre-exam – post-test design to assess the impact of an educational seminar among Malaysian parents. Lxx-iii fathers and mothers agreed to participate in this educational seminar. The original educational session content was prepared in English past the experts from the School of Pharmacy and was translated into the Malaysian linguistic communication (Bahasa Melayu) and delivered via a pharmacist with expertise in the field of immunization. In order to get the baseline knowledge virtually immunization, pre-evaluation questionnaires were administered to parents who attended the seminar. A post evaluation after the educational seminar was conducted and aimed to evaluate parents' noesis towards immunization and the bear on of the intervention.

Recruitment and enrolment

Before the study began, the researchers met with the medical officeholder in charge and nurses in the clinic and provided them with a detailed clarification of the purpose of the report. Parents who were visiting the clinic for any reason, had a kid younger than 2 years sometime, and lived in Kuantan were invited to attend the seminar. Parents who did not have a kid younger than ii years one-time and lived exterior Kuantan were excluded. Two posters with information nigh the seminar were displayed in the clinic for a two-calendar week menses. The nurses in the clinic gave more details and an caption of the study to eligible parents besides every bit a brochure explaining the purpose and content of the seminar. Parents who were interested in attending the seminar were asked to register and to attend the seminar on the proposed appointment.

Intervention

The educational seminar was designed for parents in simple understandable linguistic communication; the educational materials were adapted from available sources such as the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and were translated into the Malaysian linguistic communication (Bahasa Melayu). The content of the educational materials was prepared in society to include issues on the importance of immunization, immunization blazon, immunization schedule, side effects and contraindications, and immunization doses. Face and content validity of the material afterwards translation was fabricated by iii Malaysian pharmacists who are experts in the field, and modifications were made to adjust the culture and context of Malaysia. The seminar was delivered through an educational animated pic (10 minutes) and a didactic lecture using a PowerPoint slide presentation (50 minutes). At the end of the seminar, the platform was open to parents to ask questions and get their feedback and concerns. The parents were expected to proceeds amend cognition about immunization in society to increase the immunization rate and maintain their child'south/children'south immunization condition.

The key learning outcomes of the seminar included: agreement the importance of immunization as an important fashion to protect the children and guild in general from the vaccine preventable disease, highlighting the diseases that can be prevented by vaccines, the function of the parents (as they are the conclusion maker for their children) and to weigh the facts of illness side effects and vaccine side furnishings and the importance of getting the vaccine at the right fourth dimension.

Survey musical instrument

To achieve the objective of the report, a questionnaire in the Malaysian language (Bahasa Melayu) designed mainly to assess parents' knowledge about immunization was used. The questionnaire was validated by three specialist pharmacists, who are experts in this field, then the questionnaire was piloted amid 88 Malaysian parents. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency of the questionnaire reporting Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.757.

The questionnaire consisted of two parts: (I) sociodemographic characteristics of the parents such equally gender, age, race, organized religion, marital status, identify of living, number of pre-school children, family size, employment status, educational level, and family income and (2) structured items apropos basic knowledge well-nigh immunization (ten questions). The questions consisted of closed-ended questions (aye/no).

Data drove

Before becoming involved in the written report, all parents who agreed to attend the seminar were given a cover letter describing the study objectives and time needed to complete the questionnaire as well equally a written informed consent form. The educational seminar was delivered to the parents who were registered and attended the seminar. One group pre-test/post-test survey was conducted and the differences in the scores on knowledge earlier and after the seminar were measured. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Medical Inquiry Ethic Commission (MREC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry building of Wellness Malaysia (Registration ID: NMRR-13-485-15673). Participation was voluntary and the responses were anonymous. The evaluation session was held at the seminar room at the Health Clinic Indera Mahkota in Kuantan in September 2013. The seminar was planned over one hour and a seminar manual containing relevant material was prepared. All parents were asked to consummate a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic characteristics and cognition about immunization earlier and later on the educational seminar.

Statistical analysis

SPSS version xx.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United states) was used to analyse the data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used whenever appropriate. Frequency and percentage of each demographic data parameter, namely gender, race, organized religion, place of living, and age, were determined. Next, family data, including marital status, number of pre-school children, family size, employment status, educational level, and family unit income, were also evaluated.

The percentages and frequencies of parents' demographic data (categorical variables) were evaluated, and means and standard deviations were calculated for knowledge scores (continuous variables). Scoring of the questions was determined by giving one point (i) for each correct answer and zero (0) for incorrect answers or no response (don't know).

Mean and median scores for each parent and argument were calculated. The maximum possible score was x, in the case that the respondents chose all the correct answers for each statement. Kruskal-Wallis and Isle of man–Whitney tests were used to determine the differences amidst groups pre and post seminar for non-parametric distributions. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for continuous data, and the McNemar x2 exam was used for categorical data to compare the differences in cognition earlier and after the educational programme for not-parametric distributions. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered to exist meaning.

Results

Sociodemographics characteristics

A total of 73 parents were registered and attended the seminar. The majority of the parents were mothers (n = 64, 87.7%); ix (12.3%) were fathers. Around one-half of the parents were between 30 and 40 years old (n = 35, 47.9%). Nearly of the participants were living in an urban area and employed (n = 66, 90.iv% and n = 59, fourscore.8% respectively). The characteristics of the parents are summarised in Tabular array 1.

Tabular array 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the participants (N = 73)

Full size table

Parents' knowledge scores

The pre-test and post-test results for the private items in the knowledge assessment are presented in Table 2. The number of parents answering correctly increased on all of the ten items. Of these ten items, the pre- and post-test scores for vii items were significantly unlike: (1) Good for you children do not demand immunization (78.1% vs. 94.v%; p = 0.002); (2) Vaccination is for all ages (52.one% vs. 79.5%; p < 0.001); (3) In some health situations, vaccines should non exist given (58.9% vs. 82.ii%; p < 0.001); and (4) Vaccines can exist given in combination (67.ane% vs. 93.2%; p <0.001).

Table 2 Comparison of parents' noesis about immunization before and afterward the educational intervention (N =73)

Full size table

The parents' overall pre-examination and post-test scores were compared based on the number of questions answered correctly. The pre-assessments and post-assessments were completed by all of the 73 parents. The mean total knowledge score for the pre-test was 6.84 ± 1.52 and 9.15 ± 0.79 for the mail-test, with a pregnant improvement of 2.31 points (p < 0.001, Table 3).

Tabular array 3 Total knowledge score before and after the intervention

Total size tabular array

In the baseline results there were no significant differences regarding knowledge nearly babyhood immunization in subgroups pertaining to gender, age, marital status, number of preschool children, family size, race, religion, place of living, or employment status. However, there was a meaning difference between parents' knowledge and their education level and income (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005 respectively) (see Table 4).

Table 4 Parents' characteristics and baseline knowledge scores

Full size table

Parents' questions and concerns

At the finish of the seminar, some of the parents asked questions and shared their concerns most immunization. One mother asked, "Why should I vaccinate my kid against diseases that practice not existe anymore? Where tin can my child go them from?" She admitted that she stopped vaccinating her 3rd and quaternary child. A few parents also asked about the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and if it really caused autism. A few parents admitted they did not vaccinate their children against measles, mumps, and rubella considering they were afraid the vaccine might cause autism. Many parents likewise asked about the credibility of the information that they get from social media such equally Facebook. One parent shared a story posted on Facebook almost a kid that got meningitis later an MMR vaccine and passed away. His parents believed it was due to the vaccine. The story made this parent change her heed almost vaccinating her girl. All the questions and concerns were answered and necessary explanations were given to the parents.

Word

To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind that used a short educational seminar to amend parents' noesis nigh immunization in Malaysia. This report demonstrated that providing a one-hr educational seminar to parents in a chief intendance clinic is an constructive and practical strategy to improve parents' knowledge about childhood immunization. However, the actual effectiveness of such interventions on immunization rates and status has not been studied.

Regarding demographic characteristics of the participants, mothers constituted the vast majority of the participants, indicating that child immunization is mainly under the mother's responsibility, rather than the father's. In this single grouping blueprint study, a significant improvement in parents' noesis near immunizations was observed compared to baseline results, thus indicating that the 1-hr educational seminar is an effective mode to improve Malaysian parents' knowledge about childhood immunization. It is well documented that parents', and specially mothers', knowledge has a cracking bear upon on the children's immunization rate and maintaining up-to-date immunization status [seven–xiii].

Our report identified some sociodemographic characteristics of the parents that were related to significant differences in immunization noesis scores. Parents with a lower educational level or lower monthly income have lower overall knowledge nearly immunization compared with those who had improve education and college monthly income. This finding is consequent with previous studies [24, 27, 30–32]. There was no significant difference found between parents' noesis and other independent variables including, historic period, gender, marital status, number of preschool children, family size, race, religion, identify of living, and employment status.

As health care providers are the primary source of data for parents, it is of import that they sympathise parents' knowledge and familiarise themselves with the different demographic profile of their patients in order to remain updated about the issues of vaccine hesitancy [33, 34].

Educational interventions designed for parents can take of import implications for improving vaccine uptake. Educating low-literate mothers past using pictorial letters and very simple language improved the completion rates of DPT-three/Hepatitis B vaccine by 39% [22]. In Germany, a report has showed that using balanced wellness information leaflets tin increase girls' and parents' knowledge of the homo papillomavirus vaccination and vaccination uptake [35]. A xx-minute educational presentation nigh human papillomavirus vaccination increased higher females' intent to vaccinate by virtually threefold [36]. Parents in Guatemala repeatedly revealed that workshops at the community level are the all-time way to increase their awareness and knowledge of vaccinations [37].

Our report results provide new data on parents' knowledge and concerns about immunization. This information can enable policy makers to develop short, customs-based, educational programmes at the clinics that provide vaccinations, especially for parents who have lower income and educational levels.

Limitations

This written report had some limitations: (i) a pre-post test for a unmarried group without a follow upward to determine the existent effectiveness of the intervention on immunization charge per unit and status and (2) whether the report succeeded to promote positive changes. These problems warrant further investigation in a longitudinal report. Furthermore, the study was conducted only with parents from Kuantan, the state capital of Pahang, and the findings may non to be extrapolated to the parents in the other states in Malaysia. However, the study generated data most parents' knowledge of childhood immunization in Malaysia, thus providing baseline data to better the current immunization rate and status. The study is non qualitative in nature. Nevertheless, many questions were raised past parents mail service seminar when the platform was open for questions, and these questions were reported and included in the results due to their importance. The study findings may not reflect the knowledge of all Malaysian parents; rather, they reflect simply the knowledge of those who actually participated in the programme. Therefore, the findings need to exist interpreted inside the context of study limitations.

Conclusions

The educational intervention used in this written report focused on improving parents' knowledge almost childhood immunization in Malaysia and has brought nigh a significant positive change in their knowledge about childhood immunization, compared with the baseline results. Further studies using a larger sample of parents from other states in Malaysia are required in order to assess the bodily effectiveness of improving parents' knowledge about childhood immunization and the immunization status of their children, and as well to decide the cost-effectiveness of such an intervention.

References

  1. Opel DJ, Mangione-Smith R, Taylor JA, Korfiatis C, Wiese C, Catz Southward, Martin DP: Development of a survey to place vaccine-hesitant parents: the parent attitudes well-nigh childhood vaccines survey. Hum Vaccin. 2011, 7 (iv): 419-10.4161/hv.7.4.14120.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar

  2. Luthy KE, Beckstrand RL, Peterson NE: Parental hesitation as a factor in delayed childhood immunization. J Pediatr Health Intendance. 2009, 23 (vi): 388-393. 10.1016/j.pedhc.2008.09.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  3. Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger East, Smith DMD, Paterson P: Agreement vaccine hesitancy effectually vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine. 2014, 32 (19): 2150-2159. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081.

    Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

  4. SAGE working grouping dealing with vaccine hesitancy (established March 2012). http://world wide web.who.int/immunization/sage/sage_wg_vaccine_hesitancy_apr12/en/,

  5. Zimmerman RK, Wolfe RM, Fox DE, Fox JR, Nowalk MP, Troy JA, Precipitous LK: Vaccine criticism on the World Wide Web. J Med Internet Res. 2005, 7 (ii): e17-x.2196/jmir.7.ii.e17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar

  6. Betsch C, Renkewitz F, Betsch T, Ulshöfer C: The influence of vaccine-disquisitional websites on perceiving vaccination risks. J Wellness Psychol. 2010, 15 (three): 446-455. ten.1177/1359105309353647.

    Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

  7. Favin M, Steinglass R, Fields R, Banerjee Yard, Sawhney M: Why children are non vaccinated: a review of the grey literature. Int Wellness. 2012, 4 (four): 229-238. 10.1016/j.inhe.2012.07.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  8. Esposito S, Principi N, Cornaglia G: Barriers to the vaccination of children and adolescents and possible solutions. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014, 20 (s5): 25-31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  9. Sheikh A, Iqbal B, Ehtamam A, Rahim 1000, Shaikh HA, Usmani HA, Nasir J, Ali South, Zaki M, Wahab TA: Reasons for non-vaccination in pediatric patients visiting tertiary care centers in a polio-prone land. Archives of Public Wellness. 2013, 71 (ane): xix-10.1186/0778-7367-71-xix.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar

  10. Bozzola E, Bozzola One thousand, Tozzi AE, Nicolosi L, Vittucci A, Villani A: Touch on of wellness care providers' advice on vaccine refusal for children with an acute nervous system infection. Eur J Pediatr. 2014, 173 (viii): 1121-1122. ten.1007/s00431-014-2271-0.

    Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

  11. Kepka D, Warner EL, Kinney AY, Spigarelli MG, Mooney Thou: Low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine knowledge among Latino parents in Utah. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014, 1-seven.

    Google Scholar

  12. Wiysonge CS, Uthman OA, Ndumbe PM, Hussey GD: Individual and contextual factors associated with low childhood immunisation coverage in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel assay. PLoS One. 2012, seven (five): e37905-10.1371/journal.pone.0037905.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar

  13. Kawakatsu Y, Honda South: Individual-, family-and community-level determinants of full vaccination coverage amid children anile 12–23 months in western Kenya. Vaccine. 2012, 30 (52): 7588-7593. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  14. Naeem M, Khan MZUI, Adil M, Abbas SH, Khan A, Khan MU, Naz SM: Coverage and causes of non immunization in national immunization days for polio; A consumer and provider perspective study in Peshawar. JPMI: J Postgraduate Med Institute. 2012, 26 (ane): 48-54.

    Google Scholar

  15. Montasser E-H, Abd N, Helal RM, Eladawi N, Mostafa E, El Rahman FA, Saad M, Hamza S: Cognition, mental attitude and beliefs of caregivers of children below 2 years of age towards immunization. Br J Medicine & Med Res. 2014, 4 (xiv): 2757-2767. x.9734/BJMMR/2014/8454.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  16. Animaw W, Taye Westward, Merdekios B, Tilahun M, Ayele Grand: Expanded program of immunization coverage and associated factors amid children age 12–23 months in Arba Minch town and ZuriaDistrict, Southern Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, 2013. BMC Public Health. 2014, 14 (1): 464-10.1186/1471-2458-14-464.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Cardinal  Google Scholar

  17. Han K, Zheng H, Huang Z, Qiu Q, Zeng H, Chen B, Xu J: Vaccination coverage and its determinants among migrant children in Guangdong, China. BMC Public Health. 2014, 14 (1): 203-10.1186/1471-2458-14-203.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar

  18. Ministry building of wellness Malaysia, Health facts 2013. 2013, [http://world wide web.moh.gov.my/english.php/pages/view/56]

  19. Norlijah O, Menon B, Azlyna Chiliad: Risk factors associated with incomplete immunisation in hospitalised infants. Med J Malaysia. 2005, threescore (v): 563-569.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar

  20. Renkert S, Nutbeam D: Opportunities to amend maternal health literacy through antenatal teaching: an exploratory report. Health Promot Int. 2001, 16 (4): 381-388. 10.1093/heapro/sixteen.iv.381.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  21. Davis TC, Fredrickson DD, Kennen EM, Arnold C, Shoup E, Saccharide Chiliad, Humiston SG, Bocchini JA: Childhood vaccine run a risk/do good communication amidst public health clinics: a time-move study. Public Health Nurs. 2004, 21 (3): 228-236. 10.1111/j.0737-1209.2004.021305.ten.

    Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

  22. Owais A, Hanif B, Siddiqui AR, Agha A, Zaidi AK: Does improving maternal knowledge of vaccines bear upon infant immunization rates? A community-based randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2011, 11 (1): 239-10.1186/1471-2458-xi-239.

    Commodity  PubMed  PubMed Key  Google Scholar

  23. MacDonald NE, Smith J, Appleton M: Adventure perception, hazard management and prophylactic cess: What can governments do to increase public confidence in their vaccine system?. Biologicals. 2012, 40 (5): 384-388. 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  24. Tagbo B, Uleanya North, Nwokoye I, Eze J, Omotowo I: Mothers' knowledge, perception and practice of childhood immunization in Enugu. Nigerian J Paediatrics. 2012, 39 (3): 90-96.

    Article  Google Scholar

  25. Fatiregun AA, Okoro AO: Maternal determinants of complete child immunization among children aged 12–23 months in a southern district of Nigeria. Vaccine. 2012, thirty (4): 730-736. x.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.082.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  26. Al-lela OQB, Bahari MB, Al-Qazaz HK, Salih MR, Jamshed SQ, Elkalmi RM: Are parents' noesis and practise regarding immunization related to pediatrics' immunization compliance? a mixed method study. BMC Pediatr. 2014, 14 (1): twenty-ten.1186/1471-2431-xiv-xx.

    Article  Google Scholar

  27. Wang B, Clarke M, Afzali HHA, Marshall H: Community, parental and adolescent awareness and cognition of meningococcal disease. Vaccine. 2014, 32 (18): 2042-2049. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  28. Bugvi Every bit, Rahat R, Zakar R, Zakar MZ, Fischer F, Nasrullah M, Manawar R: Factors associated with non-utilization of child immunization in Pakistan: prove from the demographic and health survey 2006–07. BMC Public Health. 2014, 14 (ane): 232-10.1186/1471-2458-xiv-232.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Key  Google Scholar

  29. Dindod SM, Makwana NR, Yadav SB: Cognition of caretakers about routine immunization and reasons for fractional immunization in rural areas of Jamnagar District. Int J Medicine & Public Health. 2014, 4 (ane): 57-61.

    Article  Google Scholar

  30. Yousif Chiliad, Albarraq A, Abdallah M, Elbur A: Parents' knowledge and attitudes on babyhood immunization, Taif, Saudi Arabia. J Vaccines Vaccin. 2013, 5 (215): 2-

    Google Scholar

  31. Asim Grand, Malik North, Yousaf H, Gillani I, Habib N: An assessment of parental knowledge, conventionalities and attitude toward childhood immunization amidst minorities in rural areas of district Faisalabad, Pakistan. Mediter J Soc Sci. 2012, iii: 153-159.

    Google Scholar

  32. Al-lela OQ, Bahari MB, Salih MR, Al-abbassi MG, Elkalmi RM, Jamshed SQ: Factors underlying inadequate parents' awareness regarding pediatrics immunization: findings of cross-sectional study in Mosul-Iraq. BMC Pediatr. 2014, 14 (i): 29-10.1186/1471-2431-14-29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Primal  Google Scholar

  33. Freed GL, Clark SJ, Butchart AT, Vocalist DC, Davis MM: Sources and perceived credibility of vaccine-safety information for parents. Pediatrics. 2011, 127 (Supplement 1): S107-S112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  34. Kennedy A, Basket One thousand, Sheedy M: Vaccine attitudes, concerns, and information sources reported by parents of young children: results from the 2009 HealthStyles survey. Pediatrics. 2011, 127 (Supplement 1): S92-S99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

  35. Wegwarth O, Kurzenhäuser-Carstens S, Gigerenzer G: Overcoming the cognition–beliefs gap: The result of evidence-based HPV caccination leaflets on understanding, intention, and actual vaccination decision. Vaccine. 2014, 32 (12): 1388-1393. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.038.

    CAS  Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

  36. Gross MS, Tran CH, Sutherland KH, Castagno JC, Amdur RJ: Airplane pilot study: can an educational intervention increase human papillomavirus vaccination in female person higher students?. Obstet Gynecol. 2014, 123: 114S-115S.

    Article  Google Scholar

  37. Barrera Fifty, Trumbo SP, Bravo-Alcántara P, Velandia-González M, Danovaro-Holliday MC: From the parents' perspective: a user-satisfaction survey of immunization services in Guatemala. BMC Public Health. 2014, xiv (1): 231-x.1186/1471-2458-14-231.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Cardinal  Google Scholar

Pre-publication history

  • The pre-publication history for this newspaper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/xiv/254/prepub

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to give thanks Dr. Nazrah Zarira Bt Hamzah, the medical officer in charge, and the nurses at the Health Clinic Indera Mahkota for their support in this study, and also the parents who agreed to participate in this study.

Author data

Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemist's Practise, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Malaysia

    Ammar Ihsan Awadh, Siti Halimah Bux & Ramadan M Elkalmi

  2. Bailiwick of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Ammar Ihsan Awadh & Mohamed Azmi Hassali

  3. School of Chemist's shop, Faculty of Medical sciences, University of Duhok (UOD), Duhok, Iraq

    Omer Qutaiba Al-lela

  4. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Malaysia

    Hazrina Hadi

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ammar Ihsan Awadh.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they accept no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

This paper is a role of AA PhD. The research was conducted by AA and supervised by MH, OA, and HB. AA, AH, and OA designed the project. The ethical blessing was obtained by AA and HB. HB and HH delivered the seminar. Appointment collection was washed by AA. RE contributed in the statistical analysis, and HH helped in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors' original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed nether the terms of the Creative Eatables Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/past/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in whatsoever medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/i.0/) applies to the data made available in this commodity, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this commodity

Awadh, A.I., Hassali, M.A., Al-lela, O.Q. et al. Does an educational intervention improve parents' knowledge most immunization? Experience from Malaysia. BMC Pediatr 14, 254 (2014). https://doi.org/x.1186/1471-2431-14-254

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-fourteen-254

Keywords

  • Immunization
  • Parents
  • Educational intervention
  • Cognition
  • Malaysia

mcwilliamswhey1969.blogspot.com

Source: https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-14-254

Отправить комментарий for "Peer Review Articles on Parent Teaching About Immunization"